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The Core Supporting System for Photovoltaic Power Generation

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The Core Supporting System for Photovoltaic Power Generation


In the wave of global energy transition, photovoltaic power generation has become an important form of new energy due to its clean and renewable advantages. As the core support of photovoltaic power generation, the photovoltaic bracket system is the key to achieving efficient power generation. A complete photovoltaic bracket system is not a single device, but an organic whole composed of multiple core components such as photovoltaic panels, inverters, batteries, brackets, and cables working together. Each component undertakes an indispensable function, collectively forming a complete chain from light energy capture, conversion, storage to power transmission.


Photovoltaic panels are the "energy entrance" of the entire system, undertaking the core task of converting solar energy into electrical energy. Its core principle is to utilize the photovoltaic effect of semiconductor materials. When sunlight irradiates the PN junction on the surface of the photovoltaic panel, the photon energy excites electron transition, forming a photocurrent. Currently, mainstream photovoltaic panels are mainly divided into three categories: monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and thin-film photovoltaic panels. Monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panels have become the market mainstream due to their high conversion efficiency (mainstream efficiency ranging from 22% to 26%) and long service life (usually up to 25-30 years), especially suitable for scenarios with high requirements on space utilization. Polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic panels have relatively low costs and slightly lower efficiency than monocrystalline silicon (about 18%-22%), and are widely used in large-scale ground-based power stations. Thin-film photovoltaic panels have the characteristics of good flexibility and light weight, and can be applied to special scenarios such as building integration and portable devices. However, their conversion efficiency is relatively low (about 10%-18%) and their service life is relatively short. The performance of photovoltaic panels directly determines the power generation foundation of the system, and their quality and selection need to be comprehensively considered in combination with factors such as the lighting conditions and space size of the installation environment.


The inverter is the "power converter" of the photovoltaic system and a key device connecting photovoltaic panels to the power grid or loads. Since the electricity generated by photovoltaic panels is direct current, while household electricity, industrial electricity, and power grid transmission are alternating current, the core function of the inverter is to efficiently convert the direct current output by photovoltaic panels into alternating current that meets the grid standards. According to different application scenarios, inverters can be divided into three categories: centralized inverters, string inverters, and micro-inverters. Centralized inverters are suitable for large-scale ground photovoltaic power stations, with the advantages of high power and low cost, but are sensitive to local shadows. String inverters can perform maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for each photovoltaic string, which can effectively reduce power generation losses caused by shadow occlusion and are widely used in industrial and commercial distributed power stations. Micro-inverters are directly installed on each photovoltaic panel to realize independent conversion and monitoring of a single photovoltaic panel, which greatly improves the power generation efficiency and reliability of the system, and is suitable for household photovoltaic or complex roof scenarios. In addition, high-quality inverters also have safety functions such as overvoltage protection, overcurrent protection, and islanding effect protection, serving as the "safety guards" to ensure the stable operation of the system.


As the "energy bank" of the photovoltaic system, batteries play an important role in energy storage, which is essential especially in off-grid photovoltaic systems or scenarios where output fluctuation suppression is required. Their core function is to store the excess electricity generated by photovoltaic panels when there is sufficient sunlight and release it when there is insufficient sunlight or at night, ensuring the continuity and stability of power supply. Currently, common types of batteries used in photovoltaic energy storage include lithium batteries, lead-acid batteries, and vanadium flow batteries. Lithium batteries have become the mainstream choice due to their advantages of high energy density, long cycle life, and high charge-discharge efficiency (up to more than 90%). In particular, lithium iron phosphate batteries are more competitive in terms of safety and cost. Lead-acid batteries have mature technology and low cost, but have low energy density and short service life, making them suitable for small off-grid systems. Vanadium flow batteries have the characteristics of ultra-long cycle life and high safety, and are suitable for large-scale energy storage power stations, but their cost is relatively high. The capacity and performance of batteries directly affect the energy storage effect of the system, and need to be reasonably configured according to factors such as electricity demand and photovoltaic power generation.


The bracket is the "skeletal structure" of the photovoltaic system, responsible for fixing the photovoltaic panels and supporting them at the optimal installation angle to maximize sunlight reception. Its core role is not only to bear the weight, but also to improve the power generation efficiency of photovoltaic panels by optimizing the installation angle and orientation. According to different installation scenarios and adjustment methods, brackets can be divided into two categories: fixed brackets and tracking brackets. Fixed brackets have a simple structure and low cost, with a fixed installation angle, suitable for areas with stable lighting conditions. Tracking brackets can automatically track sunlight with the change of the sun's azimuth and altitude angle through sensors and driving devices, which can increase power generation by 15%-30% compared with fixed brackets. However, they have relatively high cost and slightly greater maintenance difficulty, and are commonly used in large-scale ground-based power stations. In terms of material selection, brackets usually adopt weather-resistant materials such as aluminum alloy and galvanized steel to adapt to complex outdoor climatic environments and ensure the structural stability of the system under severe conditions such as wind, rain, and snow.


Cables, as the "vascular network" of the photovoltaic system, undertake the important task of power transmission, responsible for transmitting the electricity generated by photovoltaic panels to inverters, batteries, and the power grid. The performance of photovoltaic cables directly affects power transmission efficiency and system safety, so there are strict technical requirements for them. Firstly, cables need to have excellent conductivity to reduce power loss during transmission. Secondly, due to long-term exposure to the outdoors, they need to have characteristics such as resistance to high and low temperatures, ultraviolet rays, ozone, and aging, and be able to adapt to extreme temperature environments ranging from -40℃ to 90℃. In addition, they need to have good insulation and mechanical strength to prevent safety hazards such as short circuits and electric leakage. Common cables used in photovoltaic systems include DC cables and AC cables. DC cables connect photovoltaic panels to inverters and need to withstand high DC voltages; AC cables connect inverters to the power grid or loads and need to meet the AC voltage standards of the power grid. Reasonable selection of cable specifications, proper wiring design, and protective measures are the keys to ensuring efficient and safe power transmission.


In the entire photovoltaic bracket system, each component does not exist in isolation, but forms an efficient and collaborative working closed loop through precise cooperation. When sunlight irradiates the photovoltaic panels, the photovoltaic panels generate direct current through the photoelectric effect. The direct current is transmitted to the inverter through DC cables. After the inverter converts it into alternating current, part of it is directly supplied to the load, and the other part of the excess electricity can be transmitted to the battery for storage through cables or integrated into the power grid to realize surplus electricity  When there is insufficient sunlight, the electricity stored in the battery is converted into alternating current through the inverter to ensure the continuous power supply of the load. Brackets maximize light energy capture efficiency by optimizing the angle and orientation of photovoltaic panels; cables ensure efficient power transmission between components and reduce losses.


This complete photovoltaic bracket system not only realizes the conversion, storage, and transmission of light energy to electricity, but also embodies the integrated innovation of new energy technologies. It breaks the dependence of traditional energy on fossil fuels, reduces carbon emissions through the utilization of clean energy, and provides strong support for the realization of global carbon neutrality goals. Whether it is distributed photovoltaics on household roofs, self-use systems in industrial and commercial parks, or large-scale ground photovoltaic power stations, this system can be flexibly configured according to scenario needs, becoming the core equipment on the road of energy transition and promoting mankind to steadily move towards a future of sustainable energy.


Haina Solar is a high-tech enterprise specializing in the design, production, sales, and related consulting services of solar photovoltaic fasteners. Its main products include rooftop solar mounting systems, ground solar mounting systems, solar mounting accessories...

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