In the field of construction and equipment installation, quality and safety are always the top priorities. However, common errors such as foundation level deviation, uneven purlins, and insufficient fastener torque are like lurking "time bombs", which may trigger project quality problems at any time, and even threaten the safety and functionality of building structures. Analyzing the causes of these errors and exploring effective prevention measures are crucial for ensuring project quality.

The foundation is the cornerstone of a building. If there is a deviation in the foundation level, the subsequent building structure will be difficult to maintain stability. The causes of foundation level deviation are quite complex. Construction measurement errors are the primary factor. Insufficient accuracy of measuring instruments and non-standard operation by measurement personnel may lead to incorrect positioning of foundation reference points, causing subsequent construction to be carried out on the wrong basis. In addition, improper foundation treatment can also lead to level deviation. For example, if weak foundations are not effectively reinforced, or if the compactness and uniformity of backfill soil are not strictly controlled during the backfilling process, the foundation will undergo uneven settlement under subsequent loads, resulting in level deviation.

The hazards of foundation level deviation cannot be underestimated. Slight deviations may affect the appearance of the building and the flatness of the indoor space, causing difficulties in the decoration construction. Severe deviations can lead to uneven stress on the building structure, reducing the load - bearing capacity and stability of the structure, increasing the risk of building tilting, cracking, or even collapse, posing a huge threat to people's lives and property.

To prevent foundation level deviation, we should start from the construction preparation stage. Select high - precision measuring instruments and regularly calibrate and maintain them to ensure the accuracy of measurement data. At the same time, strengthen the professional training of measurement personnel, standardize the measurement operation process, and establish a measurement review system. Check key measurement data multiple times to avoid measurement errors caused by human mistakes. In the foundation treatment process, a reasonable foundation treatment plan should be formulated according to the geological survey report, aiming at different geological conditions. For weak foundations, methods such as replacement, dynamic compaction, and pile foundation can be used for reinforcement. During backfill construction, strictly control the soil quality, moisture content, and layer thickness of the fill. Ensure the uniformity of fill compactness through layer - by - layer compaction, and conduct compaction tests after each layer of filling is completed. The next layer of construction can only be carried out after passing the test.

If foundation level deviation is found during the construction process, timely remedial measures should be taken. For small deviations, corrections can be made by adjusting the thickness of the foundation cushion or leveling course. When the deviation is large, local reinforcement or rework of the foundation is required. For example, the grouting reinforcement method can be used to fill the voids in the foundation, improving the integrity and bearing capacity of the foundation.

As an important part of the roof structure, the straightness of purlins directly affects the waterproof performance and structural stability of the roof. During the processing and manufacturing of purlins, if the quality of raw materials is poor, such as uneven material quality of steel and defects like bending deformation, it will be difficult to ensure the straightness of purlins even after subsequent processing. In addition, non - standard processing technology, such as inaccurate cutting dimensions and improper control of welding deformation, can also cause purlins to bend and twist. During transportation and stacking, if purlins are impacted, squeezed, or the stacking method is unreasonable, purlins are also prone to deformation.

Uneven purlins will prevent the roof covering materials from fitting closely, reducing the waterproof performance of the roof and leading to rainwater leakage, which affects the indoor environment and the normal use of building equipment. At the same time, uneven purlins will cause uneven load distribution on the roof, increase the local stress of purlins, accelerate the fatigue damage of purlins, shorten the service life of the roof structure, and may even lead to roof collapse accidents in severe cases.

To prevent uneven purlins, strict quality control should be carried out in the material procurement process. Select reliable suppliers, and conduct strict inspections on the incoming purlin raw materials, checking the material certificates, specifications, dimensions, and appearance quality of the steel. Prevent unqualified materials from entering the construction site. During the purlin processing, advanced processing equipment and technology should be adopted. For example, numerical control cutting machines can ensure cutting size accuracy, and reasonable welding sequences and deformation control measures can be used to reduce welding deformation. At the same time, strengthen the quality monitoring of the processing process, and inspect each process to ensure that purlin processing meets the design requirements.

During the transportation and stacking of purlins, effective protection measures should be taken. Transport vehicles should be equipped with special purlin fixing devices to prevent purlins from colliding and shifting during transportation. The purlin stacking site should be flat and firm, with sleepers placed underneath. Stack purlins by specification and model, and the stacking height should not be too high to prevent purlins from being deformed under pressure. If slight deformation of purlins is found, mechanical correction or flame correction methods can be used for repair. For severely deformed purlins, they must be replaced to ensure the installation quality of purlins.

Fasteners play a key role in the connection of building structures. Insufficient torque will cause the connection parts to loosen, reducing the integrity and stability of the structure. Non - standard operation by construction personnel is one of the main reasons for insufficient fastener torque. Some personnel do not have a sufficient understanding of torque requirements and rely solely on experience for fastening without using professional tools such as torque wrenches for precise control. In addition, quality problems of fasteners themselves, such as insufficient thread accuracy and low material strength, will also affect the fastening effect. During long - term use, due to factors such as vibration and temperature changes, if effective anti - loosening measures are not taken, fasteners are also prone to loosening, resulting in insufficient torque.

The hazards of insufficient fastener torque are hidden and sudden. In the initial stage, it may only be manifested as slight shaking or abnormal noise of the structure, but as time goes by, the degree of loosening gradually intensifies, and ultimately, it may cause the connection parts to break, resulting in serious consequences such as the detachment of building components and structural instability. Especially in large - scale steel structure buildings and high - rise buildings, the consequences are unimaginable.

To prevent insufficient fastener torque, first of all, construction personnel training should be strengthened to make them fully aware of the importance of fastener torque control and master the correct fastening methods and the use techniques of torque wrenches. Establish a strict torque inspection system, conduct torque detection on each fastening node to ensure that the torque value meets the design requirements, and make inspection records. In terms of material procurement, select high - quality fastener products, require suppliers to provide product quality certificates, and conduct sampling inspections on incoming fasteners, including the detection of indicators such as thread accuracy and tensile strength.

To prevent fasteners from loosening, anti - loosening measures such as lock washers and anti - loosening adhesives can be used. Lock washers generate elastic deformation after the nut is tightened through their special structure, increasing friction to prevent the nut from loosening. Anti - loosening adhesives form a glue film after being applied to the thread surface and cured, playing a role in locking and sealing. During the construction process, anti - loosening materials should be used correctly in strict accordance with the product instructions, and regular inspections and maintenance of fasteners should be carried out after installation. Timely detect and deal with loose fasteners to ensure the reliability of building structure connections.

Common errors in construction installation involve multiple links and factors. Only by starting from multiple aspects such as material procurement, construction technology, and personnel operation, and taking scientific and effective prevention measures can we minimize the occurrence of errors and ensure the quality and safety of construction projects. In the actual construction process, we also need to continuously summarize experience and lessons, and continuously improve construction technology and management methods to promote the high - quality development of the construction installation industry.